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Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a form of behavioral therapy that teaches people to learn to accept rather than avoid challenging situations in their lives. ACT has shown to be an intervention with great success in the reduction of various mental disorders and substance use disorders (SUDs). The core of ACT when used in SUD treatment is guiding people to accept the urges and symptoms associated with substance misuse (acceptance) and use psychological flexibility and value-based interventions to reduce those urges and the symptoms (commitment). The purpose of this study is to review the existing literature to examine the evidence on the use of ACT in the management of SUD.
A thorough search of four databases (CINAHL, PubMed.gov, PsycINFO and PsycNET) from 2011 to 2020 was conducted using search terms like ACT, ACT and SUD, ACT, and substance misuse. The articles retrieved were critically appraised using the Critically Appraised Topic (CAT) Checklist.
Most of the studies showed that ACT was effective in the management of SUD showing significant evidence of a reduction in substance use or total discontinuation with subsequent abstinence.
The literature review concluded that success has been achieved using ACT either as monotherapy or in combination with other therapy in the treatment of individuals with SUD.
Keywords: Acceptance and commitment therapy, Substance use disorders, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Reduction, Psychological flexibility
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a global pandemic. Worldwide, about 172 to 250 million people aged from 15 to 65 years have used an illicit substance at least once in their lifetime [1]. The burden of this problem is high in the USA with 20.3 million people having SUDs [2]. SUD occurs when an individual continues to seek and use substances despite the problems and impairment that occurs from the use of the substance [3]. The substances included in the list for SUD include alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens, phencyclidine, opioids, sedatives, stimulants, tobacco, and others [4]. To make a diagnosis of SUD, the person must have two or more out of the 11 symptoms described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) which can be classified as mild, four or more symptoms for moderate, and six or more symptoms for the severe form [4]. The symptoms include substances ingested in greater amounts and/or for a longer duration of time, concerted efforts, or aggressive actions to regulate or minimize substance use, and a vast amount of time is expended on activities to acquire, use, or recover from the substance’s effects [4]. There is a compulsion, inclination, or intense desire to use the drug, repeated use of substances, failure to meet certain designated responsibilities at work, school or home, and the ongoing use of drugs amid chronic social or behavioral issues induced or worsened by the use of substances. There is recurring use of a drug in potentially dangerous conditions. There is the continued use of drugs, even with the awareness that the drug is likely to have induced or worsened a chronic physical or psychological condition. Tolerance or withdrawal is another criterion [4]. There is recurrent substance use in situations that is physically hazardous.
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is an intervention developed from the relational frame theory (RCT). It is a form of third-wave behavioral therapy. This form of therapy uses six processes of adaptation. They include defusion, acceptance, flexible attention to the present moment, self-as-a-context, values and committed actions [5]. ACT’s greatest focus is on psychological flexibility which is described by Hayes et al as the capability of a human being to confront the present moment and alter his actions to achieve the desired effect [5]. The core of ACT when used in SUD is for people to accept the urge and symptoms associated with substance misuse (acceptance) and then use psychological flexibility and value-based interventions to reduce the urge and symptoms (commitment) [5]. ACT is different from other behavioral therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In CBT, people try to avoid or replace the urge and symptoms associated with substance use with more positive things rather than confronting and accepting that they exist and looking for ways to improve or overcome the challenges [6]. ACT has shown to be a very successful intervention in the reduction of various mental disorders [7-9]. Studies also show its effectiveness as a monotherapy or in combination with other therapies for the treatment of people with SUD [8, 10-13]. The effectiveness of ACT therapy has been shown and documented in different populations, such as adolescents, veterans, inmates, and geriatrics [14-16]. ACT is successful in many clinical settings (inpatient, outpatient, and drug treatment clinics) [8, 12, 17-19]. This paper aims to review the existing literature on the use of ACT alone or in combination with other therapies in the treatment of SUDs ( Table 1 ) [20].
| Number | Benefits of ACT | Challenges with the use of ACT |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Acceptance allows individuals who are experiencing problems to think about those problems without developing anxiety or feeling guilty [20]. | ACT requires a lot of sessions to achieve a therapeutic effect [20]. |
| 2 | Cognitive diffusion in ACT enables individuals to experience negative thoughts and emotions to challenge their behavior without fixating on them [20]. | Limited availability of specialized and certified people to coach people on ACT [20]. |
| 3 | Mindfulness in ACT helps people to be aware of their negative feeling without been judgmental towards themselves or trying to change the situation [20]. | |
| 4 | The commitment aspect of ACT helps the individual to achieve their long-term goals by focusing on the values that will help them get better [20]. | |
| 5 | ACT helps individuals to become psychologically more flexible [20]. |
ACT: acceptance and commitment therapy.
To review existing literature on this topic, the authors highlighted both inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were: 1) Studies that looked at the impact of the utilization of ACT alone or in combination with different therapies for the treatment of SUDs; 2) Studies that looked at the population with single or multiple SUDs; 3) Studies that measure a reduction in SUD, abstinence from substance abuse, and/or complete discontinuation of misused substance as a primary outcome; and 4) Studies published on the use of ACT for SUDs between the time frame of 2011 and 2020. The exclusion criteria were: 1) Studies greater than 10 years; 2) Non-English language articles; 3) Studies that do not measure a reduction in SUD, abstinence from substance abuse, and/or complete discontinuation of misused substance as a primary outcome; and 4) Studies that do not use ACT as a primary intervention.
Using these criteria, the authors searched four databases: CINAHL, PubMed.gov, PsycINFO, and PsycNET. We used search terms: ACT, ACT and SUD, ACT, and substance misuse. Initial search generated 1,242 articles, which were modified to include the articles from 2011 to 2020. The search yielded 82 articles after applying exclusion criteria, and later duplicate articles were removed. A total of 36 publications made the eligibility list after further screening. Of these publications, using the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 22 relevant articles were included in the review, while 14 were excluded in final round by the authors because they did not measure reduction or abstinence of their primary outcome. Figure 1 highlights the flow of this search.
Diagram of the search for the articles.
To critically appraise the articles extracted, we used certain elements from the Critically Appraised Topic (CAT) Checklist and Guide Questions Sullivan 2008 [21]. We also use the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice; Evidence Level and Quality Guide [22]. Supplementary Material 1 (www.jocmr.org) shows the critical appraisal of the articles retrieved.
To discuss the results and relevance of ACT in SUD, the authors grouped the articles under subheadings to reflect the nature of SUD, interventions, participants, and environment where ACT was used.
In 2015, Jones et al conducted a randomized control trial (RCT) on the web-based ACT and smoking cessation treatment for smokers with depressive symptoms. There was a randomization of 98 individuals who met the inclusion criteria; they were grouped into Webquit.org (ACT) or Smokefree.gov. The results revealed a higher quit rate (20% to 12%) in the Webquit.org participants than the Smokefree.gov [23]. A similar study conducted by Bricker et al in 2013 showed that the participants who used Webquit.org had a higher quit rate (23% to 10%) compared to those who used Smokefree.gov [11]. Bricker et al [12] demonstrated a similar result using the telephone app Smartquit (ACT) versus the Quitguide (the National Cancer Institute’s Quiet Guide App) for smoking cessation. This study randomized 196 participants and results showed that 13% of the Smartquit participants quit smoking after 3 months of follow-up compared with 8% of the Quitguide participants. The Smartquit participants at 2 months also showed an increase in the acceptance of cravings of tobacco (P < 0.04) [6].
In all these studies, the sample sizes were small, making it difficult to apply the findings to the general population. The studies using the web-based approach were not blinded and could result in reporting bias. The study from Jones et al did not show a statistically significant quit rate amongst the groups (P = 0.42) [23]. There was a high attrition rate, with only 45 of the 98 participants completing the study. The results from the study were also dependent upon self-reporting of abstinence and the use of the apps [24]. This may introduce bias that could affect the internal validity of the studies.
Studies using ACT alone or combined with other methods for treatment of SUD have been experimented on incarcerated, institutionalized, or residential patients [16, 24, 25]. In a RCT on 31 incarcerated women with SUDs, the participants in the control group were on a waiting list [24]. There was a 27.8% increase in abstinence from the use of drugs at the end of the treatment period which increased to 43.8% at a 6-month follow-up [26]. When ACT was compared with CBT in 50 women residing in the state prison in Spain, ACT showed significant improvement in reducing drug use (43.8% in ACT vs. 26.7% in CBT) after 6 months [16]. Another study conducted on patients in a residential substance treatment found that there was no statistically significant difference between the ACT and mindfulness group and the treatment as usual (TAU) after 28 - 30 days of treatment in a drug treatment residential facility. TAU consisted of programs like Alcohol Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous. There was no follow-up of the patients [25]. These studies used a small sample size making generalizability difficult. The low sample sizes may also increase the likelihood of a type II error. The studies did not blind the researchers or participants, which can affect the internal validity arising from the Hawthorne effect or reporter’s bias [27].
ACT is an intervention that has shown a lot of promises in patients with single SUD. Two studies have shown ACT as an effective therapy for alcohol use disorder. Meyer et al in 2018 carried out an uncontrolled pilot study of 43 veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [28]. At the end of 10 to 12 sessions of ACT with TAU, the veterans demonstrated a significant reduction in the total number of drinks and heavy drinking days [28]. Ehman and Gross in 2018 also conducted a case study on a 29-year-old woman who was a college student and had AUD. She showed a lot of commitment to ACT therapy. At the end of the treatment period, she reported a significant reduction in the number of consumption episodes and severe drinking [29]. The study by Meyer et al was prone to type 1 error because of its limited sample size. The lack of controls would introduce bias from confounding variables [28]. The results obtained were from self-reporting which may lead to reporting bias. Finally, the study had a high attrition rate of 33%. This high attrition rate would affect the external validity of this article [28]. The study by Ehman and Gross is a case study whose outcome cannot be generalized to the entire population [29]. Several studies showed the influence of ACT on smoking cessation. These studies utilized in-person interventions, web-based solutions, or mobile apps to deliver therapy to participants [11, 12, 23, 30]. The outcomes were a significant reduction in smoking, decreased cravings, and increased psychological flexibility [12, 23, 28]. The studies had limitations like small sample size, lack of blinding, and very high attrition rates. These limitations would introduce significant biases in the results obtained in the studies [3]. A preliminary study on 30 men who misused methamphetamine attending a drug rehabilitation center in Tehran showed a significant reduction in addiction to methamphetamine [8]. This study did not compare ACT with any other form of therapy. The sample size in the study was small, and the participants were all men. These limitations would make it difficult to apply this study to the general population. It would also increase the chance of a type I error [27]. A study conducted on the use of ACT in the treatment of methadone by Stotts et al did not show any statistically significant difference when compared to regular drug counseling [17].
Two groups of researchers (Luoma et al and Lanza et al) performed two different researches on the use of ACT in the management of SUDs. The studies found a significant reduction in substance use after 4 months and 6 months [10, 16]. ACT was used in the management of female inmates on a long-term basis, with a significant reduction in substance misuse after 18 months [13]. A study conducted on 111 patients in a residential home did not find any statistically significant difference between ACT and TAU [25]. There was no long-term follow-up of the patients. This lack of follow-up may have affected the outcome of the treatment [25]. In all the studies mentioned above, the sample sizes were small, and the researchers and participants were not blinded. These limitations can affect both the internal and external validity of these studies [27].
The most common limitations highlighted by the authors of the articles reviewed were the small sample sizes, lack of blinding, and self-reporting of abstinence and reduction in the use of the substance. Further relevant studies may be present in databases other than the ones used for this review. However, the databases which the authors selected are the standard databases for archiving literature in this field. Our selected search terms may have also missed relevant studies. As discussed, there is a risk of bias with regards to generalizing some of the results due to small sample size and short-term follow-up. There should be studies in future to show the efficacy of ACT on SUD in the different genders and age groups.
Looking at the gaps in the existing literature of small sample size which may lead to bias of lack of generalizability of the studies on the ACT program, a recommendation for large scale multicenter studies on the use of ACT for SUD in different populations and settings is needed and desired.
In conclusion, ACT has shown to be a promising therapy to be used in the management of patients with SUD. Most of the articles reviewed in this study showed significant reductions in the use of the substance immediately post-treatment and on the follow-up of the participants.
The Critical Appraisal of the Articles Retrieved.